Flow Monitoring
Sewage flow rates are monitored at various locations within the municipal sewage collection system through permanent and temporary monitoring. Along with rainfall data, the flow data is analyzed to determine if there is excessive I&I within the study area.

Smoke Testing 
A non-toxic, stainless, odourless, vegetable-based "smoke" is pressure injected into a sanitary sewer manhole. If smoke escapes from a source not connected to the sanitary sewer system, this would indicate a sewer I&I cross-connection.

Dye Testing 
Non-toxic dye is added to an upstream freshwater source believed to be contributing to I&I. The downstream sanitary sewer is then monitored for traces of the dye to confirm the existence of a sewer cross-connection.

Closed Circuit Television/Sonar Inspections 
A video camera is sent through a sewer line to record the condition of the sewer. The video footage is analyzed for cracks, intrusions and active leaks of water entering the sewer. 

Inspections
Building inspectors and trained maintenance personnel visually inspect and assess the condition of the sewer system to determine any defects or conditions that may be sources of inflow and infiltration to the sanitary system. Visual inspections are performed on the sewer system manholes at a higher frequency than internal inspections because of the relative ease of performance. This type of inspection can give a good indication as to the condition and proper functioning of the collection system.